class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # R data structures ### Colin Rundel ### 2018-01-23 --- exclude: true --- class: middle count: false # From last week --- ## Exercise 2 Below is the list of primes between 2 and 100: ``` 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97 ``` If you were given the vector `x = c(3, 4, 12, 19, 23, 48, 50, 61, 63, 78)`, write out the R code necessary to print only the values of `x` that are *not* prime (without using subsetting or the `%in%` operator). Your code should use *nested* loops to iterate through the vector of primes and `x`. --- class: middle count: false # Overview --- ## Data structures and dimensionality .middle[ Dimensions | Homogeneous | Heterogeneous --------------|:--------------|:---------------------- 1*d* | Atomic Vector | List (Generic Vector) 2*d* | Matrix | Data Frame n*d* | Array | `NA` ] --- class: middle count: false # Atomic Vectors --- ## Atomic Vectors R has six atomic vector types: `typeof` | `mode` | `storage.mode` :-----------|:------------|:---------------- logical | logical | logical double | numeric | double integer | numeric | integer character | character | character complex | complex | complex raw | raw | raw --- ## Vector types **logical** - boolean values `TRUE` and `FALSE` ```r typeof(TRUE) ``` ``` ## [1] "logical" ``` **character** - character strings ```r typeof("hello") ``` ``` ## [1] "character" ``` ```r typeof('world') ``` ``` ## [1] "character" ``` --- **double** - floating point numerical values (default numerical type) ```r typeof(1.33) ``` ``` ## [1] "double" ``` ```r typeof(7) ``` ``` ## [1] "double" ``` **integer** - integer numerical values (indicated with an `L`) ```r typeof( 7L ) ``` ``` ## [1] "integer" ``` ```r typeof( 1:3 ) ``` ``` ## [1] "integer" ``` --- ## Concatenation Atomic vectors can be constructed using the concatenate, `c()`, function, *note* that vectors are always flat. ```r c(1,2,3) ``` ``` ## [1] 1 2 3 ``` ```r c("Hello", "World!") ``` ``` ## [1] "Hello" "World!" ``` ```r c(1,c(2, c(3))) ``` ``` ## [1] 1 2 3 ``` --- class: split-thirds ## Testing types * `typeof(x)` - returns a character vector (length 1) of the *type* of object `x`. * `mode(x)` - returns a character vector (length 1) of the *mode* of object `x`. * `storage.mode(x)` - returns a character vector (length 1) of the *mode* of object `x`. .column[ ```r typeof(1) ``` ``` ## [1] "double" ``` ```r typeof(1L) ``` ``` ## [1] "integer" ``` ```r typeof("A") ``` ``` ## [1] "character" ``` ```r typeof(TRUE) ``` ``` ## [1] "logical" ``` ] .column[ ```r mode(1) ``` ``` ## [1] "numeric" ``` ```r mode(1L) ``` ``` ## [1] "numeric" ``` ```r mode("A") ``` ``` ## [1] "character" ``` ```r mode(TRUE) ``` ``` ## [1] "logical" ``` ] .column[ ```r storage.mode(1) ``` ``` ## [1] "double" ``` ```r storage.mode(1L) ``` ``` ## [1] "integer" ``` ```r storage.mode("A") ``` ``` ## [1] "character" ``` ```r storage.mode(TRUE) ``` ``` ## [1] "logical" ``` ] --- class: split-thirds ## Logical Predicates * `is.logical(x)` - returns `TRUE` if `x` has *type* logical. * `is.character(x)` - returns `TRUE` if `x` has *type* character. * `is.double(x)` - returns `TRUE` if `x` has *type* double. * `is.integer(x)` - returns `TRUE` if `x` has *type* integer. * `is.numeric(x)` - returns `TRUE` if `x` has *mode* numeric. .column[ ```r is.integer(1) ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ```r is.integer(1L) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r is.integer(3:7) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ] .column[ ```r is.double(1) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r is.double(1L) ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ```r is.double(3:8) ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ] .column[ ```r is.numeric(1) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r is.numeric(1L) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r is.numeric(3:7) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ] --- ## Other useful predicates * `is.atomic(x)` - returns `TRUE` if `x` is an *atomic vector*. * `is.vector(x)` - returns `TRUE` if `x` is either type of vector (i.e. either *atomic vector* or *list*). <br/> ```r is.atomic(c(1,2,3)) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r is.vector(c(1,2,3)) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r is.atomic(list(1,2,3)) ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ```r is.vector(list(1,2,3)) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` --- ## Type Coercion R is a dynamically typed language -- it will automatically convert between most type without raising warnings or errors. ```r c(1,"Hello") ``` ``` ## [1] "1" "Hello" ``` ```r c(FALSE, 3L) ``` ``` ## [1] 0 3 ``` ```r c(1.2, 3L) ``` ``` ## [1] 1.2 3.0 ``` --- ## Operator coercion Functions and operators will attempt to coerce object to an appropriate type ```r 3.1+1L ``` ``` ## [1] 4.1 ``` ```r log(TRUE) ``` ``` ## [1] 0 ``` ```r TRUE & 7 ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r FALSE | !5 ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` --- class: split-50 ## Explicit Coercion Most of the `is` functions we just saw have an `as` variant which can be used for *explicit* coercion. .column[ ```r as.logical(5.2) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r as.character(TRUE) ``` ``` ## [1] "TRUE" ``` ```r as.integer(pi) ``` ``` ## [1] 3 ``` ] .column[ ```r as.numeric(FALSE) ``` ``` ## [1] 0 ``` ```r as.double("7.2") ``` ``` ## [1] 7.2 ``` ```r as.double("one") ``` ``` ## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ] --- ## Missing Values R uses `NA` to represent missing values in its data structures, what may not be obvious is that there are different `NA`s for the different types. ```r typeof(NA) ``` ``` ## [1] "logical" ``` ```r typeof(NA+1) ``` ``` ## [1] "double" ``` ```r typeof(NA+1L) ``` ``` ## [1] "integer" ``` --- class: split-50 ## Contagiousness of Missing Values Because `NA`s represent missing values it makes sense that any calculation using them should also be missing. .column[ ```r 1 + NA ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ```r 1 / NA ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ```r NA * 5 ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ] .column[ ```r mean(c(1,2,3,NA)) ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ```r sqrt(NA) ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ```r 3^NA ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ] --- ## Conditionals and missing values `NA`s can be problematic in some cases (particularly for control flow) ```r 1 == NA ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ```r if (2 != NA) "Here" ``` ``` ## Error in if (2 != NA) "Here": missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed ``` ```r if (any(c(1,2,NA,4) > 2)) "There" ``` ``` ## [1] "There" ``` --- class: split-50 ## Testing for `NA` To explicitly test if a value is missing it is necessary to use `is.na` (often along with `any` or `all`). .column[ ```r is.na(NA) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r is.na(1) ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ```r is.na(c(1,2,3,NA)) ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE ``` ] .column[ ```r any(is.na(c(1,2,3,NA))) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r all(is.na(c(1,2,3,NA))) ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ] --- class:split-50 ## Other Special values * `NaN` - Not a number * `Inf` - Positive infinity * `-Inf` - Negative infinity .column[ ```r pi / 0 ``` ``` ## [1] Inf ``` ```r 0 / 0 ``` ``` ## [1] NaN ``` ```r 1/0 + 1/0 ``` ``` ## [1] Inf ``` ] .column[ ```r 1/0 - 1/0 ``` ``` ## [1] NaN ``` ```r NaN / NA ``` ``` ## [1] NaN ``` ```r NaN * NA ``` ``` ## [1] NaN ``` ] --- ## Testing for `inf` and `NaN` `NaN` and `Inf` don't have the same testing issues that `NA` has, but there are still convenience functions for testing for ```r is.finite(-Inf) ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ```r is.finite(1/0+1/0) ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ```r is.nan(1/0-1/0) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` --- class: split-50 ## Coercion for infinity and NaN First remember that `Inf`, `-Inf`, and `NaN` have type double, however their coercion behavior is not the same as for other double values. ```r as.integer(Inf) ``` ``` ## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion to integer range ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ```r as.integer(NaN) ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` .column[ ```r as.logical(Inf) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r as.logical(NaN) ``` ``` ## [1] NA ``` ] .column[ ```r as.character(Inf) ``` ``` ## [1] "Inf" ``` ```r as.character(NaN) ``` ``` ## [1] "NaN" ``` ] --- ## Exercise 1 **Part 1** What is the type of the following vectors? Explain why they have that type. * `c(1, NA+1L, "C")` * `c(1L / 0, NA)` * `c(1:3, 5)` * `c(3L, NaN+1L)` * `c(NA, TRUE)` **Part 2** Considering only the four (common) data types, what is R's implicit type conversion hierarchy (from highest priority to lowest priority)? Hint - think about the pairwise interactions between types. --- class: middle count: false # Generic Vectors --- ## Lists Lists are _generic vectors_, in that they are 1d and can contain any combination of R objects. ```r list("A", c(TRUE,FALSE), (1:4)/2, function(x) x^2) ``` ``` ## [[1]] ## [1] "A" ## ## [[2]] ## [1] TRUE FALSE ## ## [[3]] ## [1] 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 ## ## [[4]] ## function (x) ## x^2 ``` --- ## Structure Often we want a more compact representation of a complex object, the `str` function is useful for this particular task ```r str( list("A", c(TRUE,FALSE), (1:4)/2, function(x) x^2) ) ``` ``` ## List of 4 ## $ : chr "A" ## $ : logi [1:2] TRUE FALSE ## $ : num [1:4] 0.5 1 1.5 2 ## $ :function (x) ## ..- attr(*, "srcref")=Class 'srcref' atomic [1:8] 1 40 1 54 40 54 1 1 ## .. .. ..- attr(*, "srcfile")=Classes 'srcfilecopy', 'srcfile' <environment: 0x7fe080dbc6b0> ``` --- ## Recursive lists Lists can even contain other lists, meaning they don't have to be flat ```r str( list(1, list(2, list(3, 4), 5)) ) ``` ``` ## List of 2 ## $ : num 1 ## $ :List of 3 ## ..$ : num 2 ## ..$ :List of 2 ## .. ..$ : num 3 ## .. ..$ : num 4 ## ..$ : num 5 ``` --- ## List Coercion By default a vector will be coerced to a list (as a list is more generic) if needed ```r str( c(1, 2, list(4, 5, list(6, 7))) ) ``` ``` ## List of 5 ## $ : num 1 ## $ : num 2 ## $ : num 4 ## $ : num 5 ## $ :List of 2 ## ..$ : num 6 ## ..$ : num 7 ``` -- We can force a list into an atomic vector using `unlist` ```r unlist(list(1:3, list(4:5, 6))) ``` ``` ## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 ``` ```r unlist( list(1, list(2, list(3, "Hello"))) ) ``` ``` ## [1] "1" "2" "3" "Hello" ``` --- ## Named lists Because of their more complex structure we often want to name the elements of a list (we can also do this with vectors). This can make reading and accessing the list more straight forward. ```r str(list(A = 1, B = list(C = 2, D = 3))) ``` ``` ## List of 2 ## $ A: num 1 ## $ B:List of 2 ## ..$ C: num 2 ## ..$ D: num 3 ``` ```r list("knock knock" = "who's there?") ``` ``` ## $`knock knock` ## [1] "who's there?" ``` ```r names(list(ABC=1, DEF=list(H=2, I=3))) ``` ``` ## [1] "ABC" "DEF" ``` --- ## Exercise 2 Represent the following JSON data as a list in R. ```json { "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Smith", "age": 25, "address": { "streetAddress": "21 2nd Street", "city": "New York", "state": "NY", "postalCode": 10021 }, "phoneNumber": [ { "type": "home", "number": "212 555-1239" }, { "type": "fax", "number": "646 555-4567" } ] } ``` --- # Acknowledgments ## Acknowledgments Above materials are derived in part from the following sources: * Hadley Wickham - [Advanced R](http://adv-r.had.co.nz/) * [R Language Definition](http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/doc/manual/R-lang.html)